Yes, that's what I meant but admit my language wasn't precise. Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image!
It is a term for the word 'review'. One files a petition for certiorari with an appellate court (or supreme appellate court, i.e. supreme court) asking that appellate court to review a lower court decision, possibly prior to final judgment of the lower court. the court will issue a writ of certiorari directed to the lower court. "A party, the petitioner, files a petition for certiorari with the appellate court after a judgment has been rendered against him in the inferior court. The petition must specifically state why the relief sought is unavailable in any other court or through any other appellate process, along with information clearly identifying the case and the questions to be reviewed, the relevant provisions oflaw to be applied, a concise statement of facts relating to the issues, and any other materials required by statute. The rules of practice of the appellate court to which the petitioner has applied for relief govern the procedure to be observed. For example, a petition for statutory certiorari made to the Supreme Court of the United States must be prefaced by a motion for leave, or permission, to file such a petition. If a common-law writ is sought, however, the petitioner need only file a petition for certiorari." http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Certiorari
Faust is the "hero" of a German tale. He makes a deal with the Devil to get unlimited wealth and success in exchange for his soul. So a Faustian bargain is one that seems superficially good and delivers value in the short term, but is bad in the long term.
The dictionary says that "Faustian" must always be written with a capital F. This is consistent with English usage. We write "the Elizabethan era," "Jeffersonian politics," etc.
Some of your inquiries are not readily answered via a Google search. Those are certainly welcome and interesting. However, I am bewildered as to why you would make an inquiry like this when an accurate and informative answer is readily available. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie
It is a word practically defined by its inaccurate usage (like "fascist") http://www.metrolyrics.com/the-bourgeois-blues-lyrics-leadbelly.html Its actual definition is perhaps less important than the way it is used. I have wondered idly what bourgeois meant all my life and have never bothered to pin it down. "petit-bourgeois" is related....
Dictionary.com spells it with a capital D and does not allow an alternate for punctuation. Yes. It goes back to the century before the French Revolution (around 1700). Its original meaning was simply the free men who lived in a town and made all the important decisions that were not already made by the King. It is derived from the French word borgeis, which is ultimately from the German word burg, which means simply "town." Never forget that the country we call France was originally the land of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in the north, and the Gauls, a Celtic tribe in the South. Its language is a mixture of Germanic and Celtic words, overlaid by the Latin language that was brought in by the Roman conquerors. Karl Marx appropriated the words bourgeoisie and bourgeois in his theory of communism. The wealthy and powerful people in a community were identified as the bourgeoisie. English is not Saint's primary language, so I suspect that some of the Wikipedia articles are very difficult for him to understand. Hell, I'm a native speaker, a university graduate and a professional writer, and even I can't understand some of those articles.
In what context? Derisively, they might be called "scum" (of the Earth), or "dregs" (of society). Or maybe: Outcast, pariah, serf, peasant, hillbilly, lowlife? Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image!
Proletariat = (in Marxist theory)the class of workers,especially industrial wage earners,who do not possess capital or property and must sell their labor to survive. A teacher who has to work 5 days per week to earn his salary, he could own a house and a car by paying bank's loan for 10~20 years, is he a proletariat?
You need to understand that the word "bourgeoisie" is not in common use in the anglophone (English-speaking) countries. You're much more likely to see it being used for humorous effect, rather than in a discussion of economics--unless you're reading a book that was written 130 years ago. "Proletariat" is a good choice, except for the fact that absolutely no one uses this word. If you want to see it in writing, you'll have to find a copy of one of Karl Marx's books. Today, at least in the USA, we use the term "working class" for people whose only income is the wages of working at a job--a job that does not pay very generously and has little job security. The "middle class" includes people who have jobs with higher pay and better job security--these people are usually (but not always) university-educated. We don't have a good term for the "upper class," an identifier that is still used in the U.K., but not in North America (and probably not Australia and NZ either). We just call them "rich people."
Don't forget the lumpenproletariat http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpenproletariat What would we call them now I wonder?
I suppose a historian can make use of this word, but I can't imagine a situation in which I would use it in a sentence.
I can: "When I was asked what lumpenproletariat means I had to look it up on Wikipedia." Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! In the UK we would generally just call them the politically apathetic working class. Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image!
Do we have any descriptive term that covers the approximately the same class of people or has the usefulness of the designation entirely expired? EDIT:a cross post with Sarkus (that is long-winded though: plus I have never heard it if it is meant seriously)