does evolution exsist

"The Dao" or `Tao` Is translated as "The Way" or sometimes "The Path"


It is Daoism/Taoism The path to understanding existence and harmony within the universe and nature. Linked alot of the time with Feng Shui and some Zen/chean Buddhism simular in principle.


Peace.

 

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Um, evolution just seems pretty apparent to me. I think it's just that it's hard to grasp the time-scale involved.

Besides that, we inadvertently caused evolution with antibiotics-now bacteria have grown resistant, so we ourselves have caused evolution to occur in that respect.

As far as wings go...look, there's a survival value in falling out of a tree slower, so the impact doesn't kill you, or to get lift so you can run a bit faster.

Still more survival value in being able to glide like a "flying" squirrel does. So for something small that goes up a tree, nature may continue to keep selecting for marginally better wings over time, eventually ending up with something very elegantly shaped to do so.

And if any new adaptation's wildly successful, as in the wing in birds, you will generally see fossil evidence of an "explosion" of specieation in the fossil record-when the new adaptation was worked into new niches all over the place. So a wing made intitally to glide from tree to tree eventually became the plethora of wings we see on modern birds-because it was a really cross-applicable adaptation.
Or not, as in the case of the ostrich, which evolved back in the other direction.

And do not ignore the feathers, and the insulating value thereof.

Bats have wings too, but there's a lot less bats than birds. All that naked skin is quite hard to keep on temperature. Having picked up a live bat, they are quite hot little things.

Monkeys evolved prehensile limbs and in some cases prehensile tails in order to prevent falls instead of getting wings to handle the falls better. Similar problem, different adaptation.

I seem to remember hearing, word-of-mouth, that Tyrannosaurus rex has been proven to be feathered by a recent find...leaving me to visions of being attacked by a 30-ton razor-toothed chicken...
(brAAAAAWK brAAAAAAWK *thud*thud*thud*...)

I suspect feathers were initially insulating and heat-regulating material for the dinosaurs, and only later became flight-adapted. As it is, feathers are exceedingly good insulating material.

 

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only with the right blend..

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Still a misrepresentation born of your own ignorance.

I did research it. I discovered numerous comments that were made by people who attended the seminar and they all mentioned the emotional outbursts and exchange of personal insults.

You just love your own bullshit don't you? The only place that you'll find reports of this so called "consensus" is on creationist websites. I know this because I bothered to spend a considerable amount of time checking.

It is also interesting to me how carefully you worded this last comment. Am I to believe that you consider the integrity of the theory of punctuated equilibrium intact?

Aside from all this, 1980 was 31 years ago. 31 years. Evolutionary theory has advanced by leaps and bounds since then. Are you aware of any recent conferences that have reached a "consensus" on the issue?

I believe that you said very little at all. Why are you so unwilling to elaborate?

 

I will drift as his winds take me, I need no support for his existence any more than i need evidence that my daughter exists or my mother.



What can your way of thinking offer me? I am efficient you are stumbling and abstract.


peace.

 

You don't know what it is.

It's not a "slant", it's the basic concept. It's a standard observation, a perfectly plain and simple statement drawn from basic, rock bottom, baby step, introductory, grade school level comprehension of the most obvious and simple aspects of evolutionary theory - namely: living beings came to be through evolution.

Face it: you have no idea whatsoever what any evolutionary theory is, let alone modern Darwinian theory.

 

i wish you would address my posts instead of denigrating me.

you can cite the "emotional outbursts" all you want, it doesn't change the consensus does it?

i dont call "science", "nature"' and "national geographic" creationists websites.
this is exactly why a lot of scientists refuse to address this issue, they are afraid of being denigrated.
some more of "my bullshit":
"Within continuously sampled lineages, one rarely finds the gradual morphological trends
predicted by Darwinian evolution; rather, change occurs with the sudden appearance of new,
well-differentiated species."
-science vol. 199p:59

"Instead of finding the gradual unfolding of life, what geologists of Darwin's time and geologists
of the present day actually find is a highly uneven or jerky record; that is, species appear in the
sequence very suddenly, show little or no change during their existence in the record, then abruptly go
out of the record."
-feild museum of natural history vol. 5 no. 1 p:673


"The abrupt appearance of higher taxa [living things] in the fossil record has been a perennial
puzzle. Not only do characteristic and distinctive remains of phyla appear suddenly, without known
ancestors, but several classes of a phylum, orders of a class, and so on, commonly appear at
approximately the same time without known intermediates."
-"american scientist" vol 63 p:673

The best examples used to 'prove' Darwinian evolution - the nautiloids and oysters - are considered
today to be just examples of quite trivial change. The fossil record shows that they have not changed
in any appreciable way, except for a small fluctuation in morphology. Their fossils appear fully formed,
with no evidence of having evolved.
"paleobiology" vol 3. p:115-151

"The evolution of the genetic machinery is the step for which there are no laboratory models;
hence one can speculate endlessly ....."
scientific american vol 239no 3 p:77

i've spend a considerable time checking too, i can't find any proofs macro evolution has happened.

i have stated my views, you have yet to provide any proof they are wrong.

 

I have nothing to offer you, since nothing is needed. Other people are sharp, I alone am dull.

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evolution makes sense to me too but when you start digging around you find holes the size of jupiter in the theory.
why these people refuse to acknowledge that can be attributed to the implications of the alternative.

resistence to infection is not evolution. the genes were aready present in the organism.

therein lies the problem. a nice, sweet explanation without any proof to back up what you have just said

 

it will be interesting to see what RAV says about this.

okay, now what?
funny that no one here can falsify what i have posted.
of all the crap i've been called in this thread i've yet to see "liar".

 

No there aren't.

Um... yeah, that's how it works, there is variation in a population and some are selected, some not, thus changing the frequency of these traits in the gene pool.

 

post 148 shows just a few of them.
the total lack of of lab models is another.
the inability of science to witness macroevolution is yet another. shall i go on and on and on and on?

show me the repeatable tests which prove this.

 

Quote mining is the deceitful tactic art of taking quotes out of context in an effort to show that the author is saying the opposite of what he is in fact saying. It's a way of lying.

note that I have tidied up the formatting of your quotes from whichever creationist Imam's website you unthinkingly copied and pasted them from

Source: http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/quotes/mine/part1-1.html

My comments:

The interesting point about this kind of argument is that it is an argument that supports evolutionary transitions between high level taxa - in other words the distantly moved goalposts that desribe how the Imams of the creationist movement would like us to define macro-evolution - but does not support small scale gradual changes at lower taxonomical levels which said Imams would have us use to describe micro-evolution -which oddly enough we observe every day.
So in effect, not only do you not understand the quote, not only have you used it to try and mislead other people (and probably yourself) you are saying you beleive in macro evolution not micro evolution by using this quote in support of your argument.

Furthermore this issue has already been covered here:
http://www.sciforums.com/showpost.php?p=2682084&postcount=68

the article continues.....

Interestingly the original text for this quote is not available on the internet.

considering that you have read and understood the full article you could post a more comprehensive section of this for us.

This one isn't even a quote mine - it's a barefaced lie - it doesn't even appear in the original article.

http://chaos.swarthmore.edu/courses/SOC26/Bak-Sneppan/07_Gould.pdf

the author continues....

furthermore this article is over 30 years old - since then we have learned quite a bit about the evolution of genetic material - here's a very small selection:

2010

Powner MW, Sutherland JD, Szostak JW. Chemoselective multicomponent one-pot assembly of purine precursors in water. J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Nov 2. [Epud ahead of print]. PDF.

Elenko MP, Szostak JW, van Oijen AM. Single-molecule binding experiments on long time scales. Rev Sci Instrum. 2010 Aug 27;81:083705. PDF.

Schrum JS, Zhu TF, Szostak JW. The origins of cellular life. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2010 May 19. [Epub ahead of print]. PDF.

Rajamani S, Ichida JK, Antal T, Treco DA, Leu K, Nowak MA, Szostak JW, Chen IA. Effect of Stalling after Mismatches on the Error Catastrophe in Nonenzymatic Nucleic Acid Replication. J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Apr 28;132(16):5880-5. PDF. Supporting Information.

Budin I, Szostak JW. Expanding Roles for Diverse Physical Phenomena During the Origin of Life. Annu Rev Biophys. 2010 Jun 9;39:245-63. PDF.

2009

Bruckner RJ, Mansy SS, Ricardo A, Mahadevan L, Szostak JW. Flip-flop-induced relaxation of bending energy: implications for membrane remodeling. Biophys J. 2009 Dec 16;97(12):3113-22. PDF. Supporting Information.

Schrum JP, Ricardo A, Krishnamurthy M, Blain JC, Szostak JW. Efficient and Rapid Template-Directed Nucleic Acid Copying Using 2'-Amino-2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside-5'-Phosphorimidazolide Monomers. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Oct 14;131(40):14560-70. PDF. Supporting Information.

Mansy SS, Szostak JW. Reconstructing the Emergence of Cellular Life through the Synthesis of Model Protocells. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2009 Sep 4;74:47-54. PDF

Ricardo A, Szostak JW. Origin of life on earth. Sci Am. 2009 Sep;301(3):54-61.

Lin S, Horning DP, Szostak JW, Chaput JC. Conformational analysis of DNA repair intermediates by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A. 2009 Sep 3;113(35):9585-7. PDF. Supporting Information.

Budin I, Bruckner RJ, Szostak JW. Formation of protocell-like vesicles in a thermal diffusion column. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 22;131(28):9628-9. PDF. Supporting Information. Supporting Information (AVI VIDEO).

Elenko MP, Szostak JW, van Oijen AM. Single-molecule imaging of an in vitro-evolved RNA aptamer reveals homogeneous ligand binding kinetics. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 29;131(29):9866-7. PDF. Supporting Information. Supporting Information (AVI VIDEO).

Szostak JW. Origins of life: Systems chemistry on early Earth. Nature. 2009 May 14;459(7244):171-2. PDF

Zhu TF, Szostak JW. Preparation of large monodisperse vesicles. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(4):e5009. Epub 2009 Apr 6. PDF

Zhu TF, Szostak JW. Coupled Growth and Division of Model Protocell Membranes. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Mar 26. [Epub ahead of print]. PDF. Supporting Information. Supporting Information (Videos).

Chen JJ, Tsai CH, Cai X, Horhota AT, McLaughlin LW, Szostak JW. Enzymatic primer-extension with glycerol-nucleoside triphosphates on DNA templates. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(3):e4949. Epub 2009 Mar 23. PDF

Chen JJ, Cai X, Szostak JW. N2'-->p3' phosphoramidate glycerol nucleic acid as a potential alternative genetic system. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Feb 18;131(6):2119-21. PDF. Supporting Information.

2008

Mansy SS, Szostak JW. Thermostability of model protocell membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 9;105(36):13351-5. Epub 2008 Sep 3. PDF

Mansy SS, Schrum JP, Krishnamurthy M, Tobé S, Treco DA, Szostak JW. Template-directed synthesis of a genetic polymer in a model protocell. Nature. Published online 4 June 2008. PDF. Supporting Information.

Subtelny AO, Hartman MC, Szostak JW. Ribosomal synthesis of N-methyl peptides. J Am Chem Soc. 2008 May 14;130(19):6131-6. Epub 2008 Apr 11. PDF

Monnard PA, Szostak JW. Metal-ion catalyzed polymerization in the eutectic phase in water-ice: A possible approach to template-directed RNA polymerization. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 May;102(5-6):1104-11. Epub 2008 Feb 1.

2007

Hartman MC, Josephson K, Lin CW, Szostak JW. An expanded set of amino Acid analogs for the ribosomal translation of unnatural peptides. PLoS ONE. 2007 Oct 3;2(10):e972. PDF

Tsai CH, Chen J, Szostak JW. Enzymatic synthesis of DNA on glycerol nucleic acid templates without stable duplex formation between product and template. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Sep 11; 104(37): 14598-603. PDF Supporting information

Seelig B, Szostak JW. Selection and evolution of enzymes from a partially randomized non-catalytic scaffold. Nature. 2007 Aug 16;448(7155):828-31. PDF Supporting information

Mansy SS, Zhang J, Kummerle R, Nilsson M, Chou JJ, Szostak JW, Chaput JC. Structure and Evolutionary Analysis of a Non-biological ATP-binding Protein. J Mol Biol. 2007 Aug 10;371(2):501-13. PDF

Smith MD, Rosenow MA, Wang M, Allen JP, Szostak JW, Chaput JC. Structural insights into the evolution of a non-biological protein: importance of surface residues in protein fold optimization. PLoS ONE. 2007 May 23;2:e467. PDF

Hazen RM, Griffin PL, Carothers JM, Szostak JW. Functional information and the emergence of biocomplexity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 May 15;104 Suppl 1:8574-81. Epub 2007 May 9. PDF

Meena, Sam M, Pierce K, Szostak JW, McLaughlin LW. 2',3'-Dideoxy-3'-thionucleoside Triphosphates: Syntheses and Polymerase Substrate Activities. Org Lett. 2007 Mar 15;9(6):1161-3. PDF Supporting Information Supporting Information

2006

Horhota AT, Szostak JW, McLaughlin LW. Glycerol nucleoside triphosphates: synthesis and polymerase substrate activities. Org Lett. 2006 Nov 9;8(23):5345-7. PDF Supporting Information

Blackburn EH, Greider CW, Szostak JW. Telomeres and telomerase: the path from maize, Tetrahymena and yeast to human cancer and aging. Nat Med. 2006 Oct;12(10):1133-8. PDF

Salehi-Ashtiani K, Luptak A, Litovchick A, Szostak JW. A genomewide search for ribozymes reveals an HDV-like sequence in the human CPEB3 gene. Science. 2006 Sep 22;313(5794):1788-92. Article Online Supporting Information

Hanczyc MM, Mansy SS, Szostak JW. Mineral Surface Directed Membrane Assembly. Orig Life Evol Biosph. 2007 Feb;37(1):67-82. PDF

Carothers JM, Oestreich SC, Szostak JW. Aptamers selected for higher-affinity binding are not more specific for the target ligand. J Am Chem Soc. 2006 Jun 21;128(24):7929-37. PDF Supporting Information

Seebeck FP, Szostak JW. Ribosomal synthesis of dehydroalanine-containing peptides. J Am Chem Soc. 2006 Jun 7;128(22):7150-1. PDF Supporting Information

Hartman MC, Josephson K, Szostak JW. Enzymatic aminoacylation of tRNA with unnatural amino acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Mar 21;103(12):4356-61. PDF Supporting Information

Carothers JM, Davis JH, Chou JJ, Szostak JW. Solution structure of an informationally complex high-affinity RNA aptamer to GTP. RNA. 2006 Apr;12(4):567-79. PDF

Cho GS, Szostak JW. Directed evolution of ATP binding proteins from a zinc finger domain by using mRNA display. Chem Biol. 2006 Feb;13(2):139-47. PDF Supporting Information

2005

Fujikawa SM, Chen IA, Szostak JW. Shrink-wrap vesicles. Langmuir. 2005 Dec 20;21(26):12124-9. PDF Supporting Information

Plummer KA, Carothers JM, Yoshimura M, Szostak JW, Verdine GL. In vitro selection of RNA aptamers against a composite small molecule-protein surface. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005 Sep 30;33(17):5602-10. PDF Supporting Information

Chen IA, Salehi-Ashtiani K, Szostak JW. RNA catalysis in model protocell vesicles. J Am Chem Soc. 2005 Sep 28;127(38):13213-9. PDF Supporting Information

Ichida JK, Horhota A, Zou K, McLaughlin LW, Szostak JW. High fidelity TNA synthesis by Therminator polymerase. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005 Sep 12;33(16):5219-25. PDF

Josephson K, Hartman MC, Szostak JW. Ribosomal synthesis of unnatural peptides. J Am Chem Soc. 2005 Aug 24;127(33):11727-35. PDF Supporting Information

Horhota A, Zou K, Ichida JK, Yu B, McLaughlin LW, Szostak JW, Chaput JC. Kinetic analysis of an efficient DNA-dependent TNA polymerase. J Am Chem Soc. 2005 May 25;127(20):7427-34. PDF Supporting Information

Shen X, Valencia CA, Szostak JW, Dong B, Liu R. Scanning the human proteome for calmodulin-binding proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Apr 26;102(17):5969-74. PDF Supporting Information

Sacerdote MG, Szostak JW. Semipermeable lipid bilayers exhibit diastereoselectivity favoring ribose. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Apr 26;102(17):6004-8. PDF Supporting Information

Zou K, Horhota A, Yu B, Szostak JW, McLaughlin LW. Synthesis of alpha-L-threofuranosyl nucleoside triphosphates (tNTPs). Org Lett. 2005 Apr 14;7(8):1485-7. PDF Supporting Information Supporting Information

Ichida JK, Zou K, Horhota A, Yu B, McLaughlin LW, Szostak JW. An in vitro selection system for TNA. J Am Chem Soc. 2005 Mar 9;127(9):2802-3. PDF Supporting Information

2004

Hanczyc MM, Szostak JW. Replicating vesicles as models of primitive cell growth and division. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2004 Dec;8(6):660-4. PDF

Chen, IA, Roberts, RW, Szostak, JW. The emergence of competition between model protocells. Science 2004 Sep 3;305:1474-76. PDF Supporting Information

Chen IA, Szostak JW. A kinetic study of the growth of fatty acid vesicles. Biophys J. 2004 Aug;87(2):988-98. PDF

Sazani PL, Larralde R, Szostak JW. A small aptamer with strong and specific recognition of the triphosphate of ATP. J Am Chem Soc. 2004 Jul 14;126(27):8370-1. PDF Supporting Information

Chaput JC, Szostak JW. Evolutionary optimization of a nonbiological ATP binding protein for improved folding stability. Chem Biol. 2004 Jun;11(6):865-74. PDF

Chen IA, Szostak JW. Membrane growth can generate a transmembrane pH gradient in fatty acid vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 May 25;101(21):7965-70. PDF

Carothers JM, Oestreich SC, Davis JH, Szostak JW. Informational complexity and functional activity of RNA structures. J Am Chem Soc. 2004 Apr 28;126(16):5130-7.PDF Supporting Information Extra Materials

2003

Hanczyc, MM, Fujikawa, SM, Szostak, JW. Experimental models of primitive cellular compartments: encapsulation, growth, and division. Science. 2003 Oct 24; 302: 618-622. PDF

Chaput, JC, Szostak, JW. TNA synthesis by DNA polymerases. J Am Chem Soc. 2003 Aug 6;125(31):9274-5. PDF

Vaish, NK, Larralde, R. Fraley, AW, Szostak, JW, McLaughlin, LW. A novel, modification-dependent ATP-binding aptamer selected from an RNA library incorporating a cationic functionality. Biochemistry. 2003 Jul 29;42(29):8842-51. PDF

Szostak, JW. Functional information: molecular messages. Nature. 2003 June 12; 423: 689. PDF

Huang, Z, and Szostak, JW. Selective labeling and detection of specific RNAs in an RNA mixture. Anal Biochem. 2003 Apr 1;315(1):129-33. PDF

Chaput, JC, Ichida, JK, Szostak, JW. DNA polymerase-mediated DNA synthesis on a TNA template. J Am Chem Soc. 2003 Jan 29;125(4):856-7. PDF

2002

Davis, JH, Szostak, JW. Isolation of high-affinity GTP aptamers from partially structured RNA libraries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Sep 3; 99(18):11616-11621. PDF

2001

Salehi-Ashtiani K, Szostak JW. In vitro evolution suggests multiple origins for the hammerhead ribozyme. Nature. 2001 Nov 1;414(6859):82-4. PD

Szostak JW, Bartel, DP and Luisi, PL. Synthesizing Life. Nature. 2001; 409: 387-390. PDF

Keefe AD, Szostak JW. Functional proteins from a random-sequence library. Nature. 2001 Apr 5;410(6829):715-8. PDF

Keefe AD, Wilson, DS, Seelig, B, and Szostak JW. One-step purification of recombinant proteins using a nanomolar-affinity streptavidin-binding peptide, the SBP-Tag. Protein Expression and Purification. 2001; 28 : 440-446. PDF

Wilson DS, Keefe AD, Szostak JW.The use of mRNA display to select high-affinity protein-binding peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Mar 27;98(7):3750-5. PDF

2000

Cho, G, Keefe, AD, Wilson, DS, Liu, R and Szostak, JW. Constructing high complexity synthetic libraries of long ORFs using in vitro selection. J.Mol.Biol. 2000; 297:309-319 PDF supplementary information.

Vaish NK, Fraley AW, Szostak JW, McLaughlin LW. Expanding the structural and functional diversity of RNA: analog uridine triphosphates as candidates for in vitro selection of nucleic acids. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Sep 1;28(17):3316-22. PDF

Lee N, Bessho Y, Wei K, Szostak JW, Suga H. Ribozyme-catalyzed tRNA aminoacylation. Nat Struct Biol. 2000 Jan;7(1):28-33. PDF

Burgstaller P, Hale S, Sun L, Roberts RW, Szostak JW, Wagner R. Identification of epitope-like consensus motifs using mRNA display. J Mol Recognit. 2002 May-Jun;15(3):126-34.

Szostak JW. Constraints on the sizes of the earliest cells. In, 'Size Limits of Very Small Microorganisms', Proceedings of a Workshop of the Space Studies Board, National Research Council. 1999, National Academy Press.

Liu R, Barrick JE, Szostak JW, Roberts RW. Optimized synthesis of RNA-protein fusions for in vitro protein selection. Methods Enzymol. 2000;318:268-93.

1999

Wilson DW, Szostak JW. In vitro Selection of Functional Nucleic Acids. Ann. Rev. Biochem., 1999; 68:611-648. PDF

1998

Szostak JW. In Vitro Selection and Directed Evolution. 1998 Harvey Lecture Series. 1997-98;93:95-118. Review.

Holeman LA, Robinson SL, Szostak JW and Wilson C. Isolation and characterization of fluorophore-binding RNA aptamers. Folding & Design, 1998; 3:423-431.

Wilson C, Szostak JW. Isolation of a fluorophore-specific DNA aptamer with weak redox activity. Chem. Biol., 1998; 5: 609-617.

Wilson C, Nix J, Szostak JW. Functional requirements for specific ligand recognition by a biotin-binding RNA pseudoknot. Biochemistry 1998; 37:14410-9. PDF

Suga H, Cowan JA, Szostak JW. Unusual metal ion catalysis in an acyl transferase ribozyme. Biochemistry 1998; 37:10118-10125. PDF

Suga H, Lohse P, Szostak JW. Structural and Kinetic Characterization of an Acyl Transferase Ribozyme. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998; 120: 1151-1156. PDF

1997

Roberts RW, Szostak JW. RNA-peptide fusions for the in Vitro selection of peptides and proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997; 94: 12297-12302. PDF

Hager AJ, Szostak JW. Isolation of Novel Ribozymes that Ligate AMP-Activated RNA Substrates. Chem. Biol. 1997; 4:607-617.

Dieckmann T, Butcher SE, Sassanfar M, Szostak JW and Feigon J. Mutant ATP-Binding RNA aptamers reveal the structural basis for ligand binding. J. Mol. Biol. 1997; 273: 467- 478. PDF

Szostak JW. Introduction: Combinatorial Chemistry. Chem. Rev. 1997; 97 (2): 347-348, in: Chemical Reviews: Combinatorial Chemistry, a Thematic Issue, Guest Editor Jack W. Szostak.

1996

Hager AJ, Pollard JD, Szostak JW. Ribozymes: aiming at RNA replication and translation. Chem. Biol. 1996; 3:717-725.

Huang Z, Szostak JW. 3' End-Labeling of RNA with DNA Polymerase. Nuc. Acids Res. 1996; 24: 4360-4361. PDF

Lohse P, Szostak JW. Ribozyme-catalysed amino acid transfer reactions. Nature 1996; 381: 442-444.

Rohatgi R, Bartel D, Szostak JW. Non-enzymatic, Template-Directed Ligation of Oligoribonucleotides is Highly Regioselective for the Formation of 3'-5' Phosphodiester Bonds. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996; 118: 3340-3334. PDF

Rohatgi R, Bartel D, Szostak JW. Kinetic and Mechanistic Analysis of Nonenzymatic, Template-Directed Oligonucleotide Ligation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996; 118: 3332-3339 PDF

Lorsch JR, Szostak JW. Chance and Necessity in the Selection of Nucleic Acid Catalysts. Accounts Chem. Res. 1996; 29: 103-110. PDF

Lorsch JR, Szostak JW. In Vitro Selection of Nucleic Acid Sequences that Bind Small Molecules. 1996. Chpt. 4 in Combinatorial Libraries: Synthesis, Screening and Application Potential. Ed. R. Cortese. Publ. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.

1995

Lorsch JR, Bartel DP, Szostak JW. Reverse transcriptase reads through a 2'-5' linkage and a 2'-thiophosphate in a template. Nuc. Acids Res. 1995; 23: 2811-2814.

Ekland EH, Szostak JW, Bartel DP. Structurally complex and highly active RNA ligases derived from random RNA sequences. Science 1995; 269: 364-370. PDF

Cuenod B, Szostak JW. A DNA metalloenzyme with DNA ligase activity. Nature 1995; 375: 611-614.

Chapman KB, Szostak JW. Isolation of a ribozyme with 5'-5' ligase activity. Chemistry and Biology 1995; 2: 325-333.

Wilson CW, Szostak JW. In vitro evolution of a self-alkylating ribozyme. Nature 1995; 374: 777-782.

Whoriskey S, Usman N, Szostak JW. Total chemical synthesis of a ribozyme derived from a group I intron. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1995; 92: 2465-2469.

Lauhon CT, Szostak JW. RNA Aptamers that bind Flavin and Nicotinamide Redox Cofactors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995; 117: 1246-1257. PDF

Huizenga DE, Szostak JW. DNA Aptamer that Binds Adenosine and ATP. Biochemistry 1995; 34: 656-665.

1994

Bartel DP, Szostak JW. Study of RNA-protein recognition by in vitro selection. in RNA- Protein Interactions, eds. K. Nagai and I.W. Mattaj, Oxford University Press 1994.

Hanna M, Szostak JW. Suppression of mutations in the core of the Tetrahymena ribozyme by spermidine, ethanol and by substrate stabilization. Nuc. Acids Res. 1994; 22: 5326-5331.

Lorsch JR, Szostak JW. In vitro evolution of new ribozymes with polynucleotide kinase activity. Nature 1994; 371:31-36.

Chapman KB, Szostak JW. In Vitro Selection of Catalytic RNAs. Current Opinions in Structural Biology 1994; 4:618-622.

Green R, Szostak JW. Template-directed oligonucleotide assembly reactions catalyzed by a minimally structured ribozyme derived from a group I intron. pp. 277-283 in, Structural Biology: The State of the Art, Proceedings of the Eighth Conversation, State University of New York, Albany, NY 1993 Eds. Ramaswamy H. Sarma and Mukti H. Sarma, Adenine Press 1994

Peterson RD, Bartel DP, Szostak JW, Horvath SJ, Feigon J. H NMR Studies of the High- Affinity Rev Binding Site of the Rev Responsive Element of HIV-1 mRNA: Base Pairing in the Core Binding Element. Biochemistry 1994; 33: 5357-5366.

Lorsch J, Szostak, JW. In Vitro Selection of RNA Aptamers Specific for Cyanocobalamin. Biochemistry 1994; 33:973-982.

Lin, C-W, Szostak JW. Evidence That the Guanosine Substrate of the Tetrahymena Ribozyme is Bound in the Anti Conformation and That N7 Contributes to Binding. Biochemistry 1994; 33:2703-2707.

Green R, Szostak JW. In vitro genetic analysis of the hinge region between helical elements P5-P4-P6 and P7-P3-P8 in the sunY group I self-splicing intron. J. Mol. Biol. 1994; 235:140-155.

1993

Bartel DP, Szostak JW. Isolation of a new ribozymes from a large pool of random sequences. Science 1993; 261:1411-1418. PDF

Sassanfar M, Szostak JW. An RNA motif that binds ATP. Nature 1993; 364: 550-553.

Famulok M, Szostak JW. Selection of Functional RNA and DNA Molecules from Randomized Sequences. pp. 271-284, in Nucleic Acids and Molecular Biology, ed. F. Eckstein and D.M.J. Lilley, Springer-Verlag, 1993.

Szostak, J.W. and Ellington, A.E. In Vitro Selection of Functional RNA Sequences. pp. 511-533 in "The RNA World", ed. R. Gesteland and J. Atkins; Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1993.

Doudna JA, Szostak JW. Triplet extension: a novel strategy for RNA catalysed RNA replication. Biochemistry 1993; 32:2111-2115.

1992

Green R and Szostak JW. Selection of a Ribozyme that Functions as a Superior Template in a Self-Copying Reaction. Science 1992; 258:1910-1915. PDF

Wilson CL, Szostak JW. Ribozyme Catalysis. Curr. Opin. in Struct. Biol. 1992; 2:749-756.

Famulok M, Szostak JW. In Vitro Selection of Specific Ligand Binding Nucleic Acids. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992; 31: 979-988.

Famulok M, Szostak JW. Stereospecific Recognition of Tryptophan Agarose by in Vitro Selected RNA. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992; 114: 3990-3991.

Szostak JW. In Vitro Genetics. Trends in Biochem. Sci. 1992; 17: 89-93.

Ellington AE, Szostak JW. Selection in vitro of single-stranded DNA molecules that fold into specific ligand binding structures. Nature 1992; 355:850-852.

1991

Green R, Szostak JW, Benner SA, Rich A, Usman N. Synthesis of RNA containing inosine: analysis of the sequence requirements for the 5' splice-site of the Tetrahymena group I intron.Nuc. Acids Res., 1991; 19: 4161-4166.

Bartel DP, Zapp M, Green M, Szostak JW. HIV-1 Rev Regulation Involves Recognition of Non-Watson-Crick Base-pairs in Viral RNA . Cell, 1991; 67: 529-536.

Green R, Ellington AD, Bartel DP, Szostak JW. In Vitro Genetic Analysis: Selection and Amplification of Rare Functional Nucleic Acids. Methods: A Companion to Methods in Enzymol., 1991; 2: 75-86.

Bartel DP, Szostak JW. Template-Directed Primer Extension Catalyzed by the Tetrahymena Ribozyme. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1991; 11: 3390-3394.

Doudna JA, Couture S, Szostak JW. A multi-subunit ribozyme that is a catalyst of and a template for complementary strand RNA synthesis. Science 1991; 251: 1605-1608.

1990

Doudna JA, Szostak JW, Rich A, Usman N. Chemical Synthesis of Oligoribonucleotides Containing 2-Aminopurine: Substrates for the Investigation of Ribozyme Function. J. Org. Chem. 1990; 55: 5547-5549.

Couture S, Ellington AD, Gerber AS, Cherry JM, Doudna JA, Green R, Hanna M, Pace U, Rajogopal J, Szostak JW. Phylogenetic and genetic evidence for base-triples in the catalytic domain of group I introns. Nature, 1990; 347: 578-580.

Ellington AE, Szostak JW. In vitro Selection of RNA Molecules that Bind Specific Ligands. Nature, 1990; 346: 818-822.

1989

Michel F, Hanna M, Green R, Bartel DB, Szostak JW. Miniribozymes, Small Derivatives of the sunY Intron, Are Catalytically Active. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1989; 9: 5480-5483.

Doudna JA, Szostak JW. Stereochemical Course of Catalysis by the Tetrahymena Ribozyme. Science, 1989; 244: 692-694.

1987

Doudna JA, Cormack BP, Szostak JW. Genetic Dissection of an RNA Enzyme. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia, Vol. LII. 1987.


Finally three words:

Game

Set

Match

 

Full of misconceptions. For one thing, even when scientists say something was "sudden" in the geological record, that still means it took millions of years. Species change from year to year, so we can expect the limiting factor to be environmental, not genetic. Just look at how diverse the dog genome turned out to be. The fossil record is far from complete. The lack of a proven theory of abiogenesis has no bearing on the Theory of Evolution. Macroevolution the way you use the term is a creationist ploy to imply that there is any essential difference between evolutionary changes and their cumulative effect.

Lab models do exist. Are you aware of the ongoing experiments with a culture of e. Coli and it's evolved ability to metabolize citrate?

 

I'll address your points the moment they apply to evolutionary theory rather than the straw man that you have created in it's place. I've asked you several times now (albeit indirectly of late) to represent it correctly and each time you've failed.

Interesting how you neglected to date any of these quotes. Allow me to correct this error for you. The one immediately above is from 1978.

1979

1975

1977

1978

These same comments are plastered all over countless creationist websites and they are all at least 32 years old. Not a very honourable way to attack a theory is it Leopold? Find me some modern commentary made by evolutionary biologists and I will take the time to respond. Or do you think it's fair to attack scientific theories by going back to a time when they were in their relative infancies instead of addressing them in their current and much more "evolved" form? Do you like slapping babies as well?

The burden of proof is on you since you are the one attacking well-established and almost universally accepted (in the scientific community) theory.

By the way, you still haven't grown the balls to tell us the specifics of your own theory.

 

Evolution is true because the fossils and the DNA records even match each other.

One may also Google 'transitional forms' to find that there have been many more found in the last 50 years.

Creationism has retreated to Evolutionary Gaps to Intelligent Design to Irreducible Complexity… and probably now back to Young Earth.

 

What I don't understand is the motivation behind wanting evolution to be wrong, myself. But there seems to be a very deep-seated need on some people's part to find ways to discount it.

Ah, beaten to punch by the goat!

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Must be that silk-making gene...

 

Evolution sound like another religion. we are coming from nothing, we change into different beings with millions and millions of years, and we keep changing and changing until what? nobody knows.
Not to much difference than God Created us in 7 days and give life to a formed being made of clay.
BOth are based in Faith. Just Faith...

 

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