Write4U
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LARGE-SCALE QUANTUM EFFECTS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
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One particular problem of great relevance in bio- physics is the question of the functioning of the human brain. For example, Penrose [9] argues that computational procedures alone cannot adequately explain all the operational manifestations of the human conscious understanding. It would be nec- essary to look for something different as the appro- priate type of controlling mechanism—at least in the case of synaptic changes that might have some relevance to actual conscious activity.
Also, such noncomputational action must be the result of some reasonable large-scale quantum-coherent phenomenon coupled in some subtle way to macroscopic behavior, and, as a first step, one must look for a genuine role for quantum coherence in cytoskeletal activity. Spe- cifically, it would be required that there is a large- scale quantum-coherent behavior occurring within the microtubules in the cystoskeleton of neurons. The suggestion is that this quantum activity should be noncomputationally linked to a computational- like action (as, for example, argued by Hameroff and colleagues [10, 11]).

Large-scale quantum effects in biological systems
Particular aspects of large-scale quantum effects in biological systems, such as biopolymers and also microtubules in the cytoskeleton of neurons which can have relevance in brain functioning, are discussed. The microscopic (quantum mechanical) and
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